libEGL are the common dispatch interface for the EGL API.
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libGL and libGLX are the common dispatch interface for the GLX API.
libGLESv[12] are the common dispatch interface for the GLES API.
The libX11-devel package contains libraries and header files for libX11.
libOpenGL is the common dispatch interface for the workstation OpenGL API.
libglvnd is a vendor-neutral dispatch layer for arbitrating OpenGL API calls between multiple vendors. It allows multiple drivers from different vendors to coexist on the same filesystem, and determines which vendor to dispatch each API call to at runtime.
The libglvnd-devel package contains libraries and header files for developing applications that use libglvnd.
The libglvnd-core-devel package is a bootstrap trick for Mesa, which wants to build against the libglvnd headers but does not link against any of its libraries (and, initially, has file conflicts with them). If you are not Mesa you almost certainly want libglvnd-devel instead.