# IRT-M Vignette (Synthetic Data)

#### Margaret J Foster

#### 2025-04-16

Packages that we will use for data prep, IRT-M estimation, and data visualization:

    ## Data prep:
    library(tidyverse) # version: tidyverse_2.0.0
    library(dplyr) #version: dplyr_1.1.4
    library(stats) # version: stats4
    library(fastDummies) # version: fastDummies_1.7.3
    library(reshape2) #version: reshape2_1.4.4

    ## IRT-M estimation:
    #devtools::install_github("dasiegel/IRT-M")
    library(IRTM) #version 1.00

    ## Results visualization:
    library(ggplot2)  # version: ggplot2_3.4.4
    library(ggridges) #version: ggridges_0.5.6
    library(RColorBrewer) #version: RColorBrewer_1.1-3
    library(ggrepel) # version: ggrepel_0.9.5

In this document, we walk through using the IRT-M package.

The IRT-M framework may be used for a wide variety of cases. This vignette focuses on a single, hypothetical, use case, in which a research team seeks empirical support for a hypothesis: in this case, the threat-response hypothesis that anti-immigration attitudes in Europe are associated with perceptions of cultural, economic, and security threats. We illustrate data preparation, IRT-M estimation, visualization, and analysis with a small synthetic dataset (N=3000) based on the Eurobarometer 94.3 wave. The real data can be accessed via: .

This example illustrates one of the strengths of the IRT-M model: the (very common) situation in which researchers have a theoretical question and related data that does not directly address the substantive question of interest. In this case, we work through a research question derived from the literature on European attitudes towards immigration. The threat-response hypothesis is supported by the literature~, but was not a specific focus of the 2020-2021 Eurobarometer wave. Consequentially, the survey did not directly ask questions about the three threat dimensions of interest. However, the survey did contain several questions adjacent to threat perception. We can use those questions to build what we call an M-Matrix (a matrix of constraints for the item discrimination loadings present in item response theory models), and estimate latent threat dimensions.

Regardless of the use case, there are two steps involved in preparing data for the IRT-M Package:

- First, one needs to acquire and appropriately format a dataset comprising a series of items, the responses to which one believes are related to the set of underlying theoretical concepts that one wants to measure. One input of IRT-M is this `N x K` data frame of `N` responses to `K` items. Column names of the data frame should provide the names of the items. We’ll refer to this data frame as `Y_in` in what follows.
- Second, one must create a key that specifies the theoretical connection between each item in one’s data and each underlying concept. A second input of IRT-M, when run with constraints, is a `K x (1+d)` data frame of `K` items and their pre-specified theoretical connections to each of `d` dimensions. Those connections must be provided in the last d columns; the first column should contain item names, which must match the column names of the data matrix. We’ll refer to this data frame as `M_matrix` in what follows.

## Loading the package; Dependencies

Gfortran is a necessary to load the package. Gfortran can be readily downloaded and the version installed can be checked. In Windows, enter into the command line “$ gfortran –version GNU Fortran.” The easiest way to make sure this works in Windows is to install Rtools, making sure that its version matches the version of R you are running. On a Mac, enter into the terminal “which gfortran.” Some machines running Mac OS encounter a well-known problem with R finding `gfortran`. The steps for solving this are documented online, and typically entail a combination of installing `Xcode`, using `homebrew` to install `gcc`, and/or installing `gfortran` directly from `Github`. After `gfortran` has been successfully installed, it is important to also have `GCC` (GNU Compiler Collection) installed. In addition to `gcc` allowing its installation, the IRT-M package depends on functions developed in other libraries, and the `Rfortran` dependency requires `gcc` to be installed.

## Formatting the Observed Data

Formatting the Input Data

Though we are working to extend it to other forms of data, at present, IRT-M operates only with binary (dichotomous) items. Thus, it requires that users convert continuous or categorical variables into a series of binary variables. Those binary variables will be the items, and responses to those items will be used to discern positions on each latent theoretical dimension one is attempting to measure.

The most straightforward way to convert to binary from a categorical variable is to use a library, such as `fastDummies`, to expand the entire set of variables into one-hot (binary) encoding. Similarly, one could use packages such as `arulesCBA` or `arules` to convert continuous variables to categorical variables, and then `fastDummies`to convert those categorical variables in binary variables. One’s input data frame, Y_in, should have `N` dichotomous responses to each of `K` binary items; in addition to `0` and `1`, `NA` is also acceptable.

It is good practice, and will make one’s life easier later, to capture the column headers of `Y_in` (which will be item codes) and export them for use in constructing the `M_matrix`. Doing so will avoid mismatches between the items in the input data and the items one will be coding.

The `Y_in` and `M_matrix` data frames described earlier are all one needs to use IRT-M. How one obtains them will vary by use case. We’ll describe here how we obtained ours for this vignette, though some steps will be specific to our use case, in which we start with an M_matrix for the real, and complete, Eurobarometer 94.3 wave, but use input data that is a synthetic subset of the real data. (Morucci et. al 2024 used the real data.)

To begin, we reformat the input data so that each possible answer becomes a separate binary item (One Hot encoding). In preparing the data, we used the `dummy_cols()` utility from the `fastdummies` package. If running this exact code on your own system, please ensure that the `dataPath` variable is adjusted for your local file structure.

    synth_questions <- NULL  # Initialize to avoid R CMD check notes

    load("./vdata/synth_questions.rda")
    ## Convert numeric ordinal responses to factors

    ebdatsub <- lapply(ebdatsynth[,], factor) ## that's a list now

    ## converts the list back into a dataframe:
    Y <- dummy_cols(.data=ebdatsub,
                           remove_selected_columns=TRUE)

    ## remove the .data that dummy_cols adds to the column names
    colnames(Y) <- gsub(".data.", '', colnames(Y))

    ## remove the data objects:
    rm(ebdatsub)
    rm(ebdatsynth)

## Creating the M-Matrix

Creating the M_matrix

The core step in using the IRT-M package is to map the theoretical connections between items in the data and the underlying theoretical constructs of interest into an `M_Matrix` of dimension `K x (1+d)`. To do so, we go through every item in the data (here: every response to every question in the survey) and decide whether the item relates to zero, one, or more of our latent theoretical dimensions. For those items that we believe relate to a theoretical dimension of interest, we can code whether we expect it to positively load—meaning that higher values on that dimension are associated with greater responses to the item (here: greater means more likely to choose a given response to a given question)—or negatively load. We code positive “loading” as `1` for that item-dimension pair in the M_matrix, negative “loading” as `-1`. We can also denote that the item has no relationship with the theoretical dimension of interest, in which case we code `0` for that item-dimension pair. If we are unsure, we can use an `NA` value in the `M_matrix` for the item-dimension pair, and the model will assume relatively diffuse priors on that loading.

If one has followed this vignette’s advice and exported a column of item codes when formatting the input data frame, `Y_in`, then the easiest way to specify the `M_matrix` is to open a spreadsheet with the first column (labeled `QMap` in the vignette) being the item codes, and the remaining `d` columns the theoretical dimensions to be measured (with appropriately named column headers). We have also found it to be worthwhile to insert a column with human-readable notes next to the item codes. This step adds some overhead, but—much like commenting code in general—is invaluable for debugging and analysis. You will need to remove that column before running the `M_matrix` through IRT-M, but there is also a spot in one of our analysis functions, described below, that can incorporate that information in your analysis.

For this vignette, we are interested whether respondents to the 2020-2021 Eurobarometer reported feeling social, cultural, and/or economic threats. Depending on the data, you may need to do some additional processing at this step to ensure that each question coded is a binary response that has a single relationship to each dimension being coded. Many surveys present questions formatted into feeling thermometers, matrices, or with many nested sub-questions. These may not load straightforwardly into a single dimension. For example, Question 377 (qa1a_4) in our data asks for respondents’ feelings about various current situations, compactly presented via a feeling thermometer for several sub-questions. In this example we will code the fourth, “How would you judge the current situation in [….] your personal job situation.” The respondent’s answer is coded as a categorical variable ranging from 1-4, with a response of 1 corresponding to “Very Good” and 4 corresponding to “Very Bad.” We imagine that this question directly relates to the “economic threat” underlying dimension that we hypothesize, with the low end of the scale indicating feelings of economic threat and the high end suggesting no threat.

Thus, we expand the levels of the question prompt to become four separate yes/no questions:

- qa1a_4_1. Situation of personal job: very good.
- qa1a_4_2 Situation of personal job: rather good
- qa1a_4_3 Situation of personal job: rather bad
- qa1a_4_4. Situation of personal job: very bad

Note that if you had followed our advice above, these items would have already been separated for you and would occur as rows of the spreadsheet you were using to specify your `M_matrix`. Also note that we do not have an omitted category in this coding. That is deliberate: even in a yes/no question, it is possible that responses of “yes” implicate latent theoretical dimensions differently from responses of “no”. For example, a “yes” might suggest a particular action or thought process, but many actions or thought processes could be responsible for a “no”.

Once the `M_matrix` contains a column of item codes for binary items, we can specify our theoretical loadings for those items. In the `M_matrix`, we add a `1` to the column for the Economic Threat dimension for qa1a_4_3 and qa1a_4_4. Substantively, this means that responses to the qa1a_4 with a value in the data of “3” or “4” are coded as individual respondents who likely would score high on the “economic threat” dimension. We can also code the inverse and give qa1a_4_1 and qa1a_4_2 the value of `-1` in the `M_matrix` because we expect that survey respondents who answer that they feel that their personal job situation is “very good” or “rather good” likely would not score highly on economic threat.

We repeat that process for each of the items that we think relate in any fashion (positively, negatively, or in an unclear way) to any of our underlying theoretical dimensions. Note that an item may relate in some way to no dimensions, one dimension, or more than one dimension, and that these relationships may be dependent or independent. Also note that if you think an item may relate but are not sure how exactly, the safest option is an `NA`.

We can also use this same technique to discern latent outcome variables in the data, and include them among our latent dimensions. In other words, we can code items that relate to potential dependent variables as well, and have those dependent variables be additional dimensions in our `M_matrix`, as long as we are careful not to use the same items in measuring latent dimensions intended to be independent and dependent variables in the same correlational model later. This vignette additionally highlights the ability of the IRT-M model to handle inductive theoretical exploration. While coding the `M_matrix` for the three dimensions of threat noted above, we observed that the survey itself featured a number of questions about feelings of threat related to the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. IRT-M easily supports inductive coding, and we added another dimension for the emergent category of “health threat.”

The coding step is the only really time consuming step in the process, but it is what allows us to make theoretical claims about the substantive meaning of the latent dimensions. Fortunately, though the input data may have many items potentially to be coded, the actual number to code is likely to be substantially smaller than the total, as we only need to code those items that relate to the latent dimensions. We can ignore the rest, since the constrained IRT will not use any item which has loadings of 0 for every latent dimension.

For our vignette, we thus end up with a `K x (1+d)` matrix, where `K` is the number of theoretically-salient binarized questions and `d` is the combined number of underlying latent explanatory dimensions (4) and latent outcomes (2). For convenience, we processed the constraint coding in a separate table, which we import. We reduce its size by getting rid of rows of zeroes. The `MCodes` matrix that we important has question codes, item codes to match to the input data matrix, a column of human-readable comment, and then loadings for each item-dimension pair across six dimensions.

    load('./vdata/mcodes.rda')

    ## Only keep M-Codes with loadings or outcomes:
    MCodes$encoding <- rowSums(abs(MCodes[,4:9]))
    MCodes <- MCodes[which(MCodes$encoding > 0),]

## Processing with IRT-M

The last step before we can start our analysis is to produce the `Y_in` and `M_matrix` data frames we need. To get these, we must ensure that the columns of `Y_in` (and their headers) match the rows of `M_matrix` (and the item codes in its first column). If we had followed our own advice, this would already be true, and if you have followed our advice, you can skip to the next step. Sometimes, however, one might have cause to code the constraint matrix before one hot encoding the input data, in which case some effort might be needed to ensure a match due to different column names produced by `dummy_cols`. In our case, as our data are synthetic and only a subset of the real data, we’ll need to eliminate a bunch of items to ensure a match. We do that by merging the data and loadings, resulting in a `K x R` matrix where `K` is the number of binary questions that we have codes for and `R` is the number of instrument responses, before then reversing the combination. This is accomplished by the following code snippet:

    ## Produce a K-coded questions x R-responses data frame:

    d <- 6 #number of coded dimensions
    mcolumns <- c("QMap", "D1-Culture threat",
                  "D2-ReligionThreat",
                  "D3-Economic Threat",
                  "D4-HealthThreat",
                  "O1-OutcomeSupportImmigration", "O2-OutcomeSupportEU")

    combine <- MCodes[,mcolumns] %>% ## question codes and loadings
        inner_join(
            Y %>%
            t() %>%
            as.data.frame(stringsAsFactors = FALSE) %>%
            type_convert() %>%
            rownames_to_column(var = "question"),
            by = c("QMap" = "question"  )
        )

    M_matrix <- as.data.frame(combine[, 1:(d+1)])

    #Reverse the earlier transposition of the observations:
    Y_in <- combine[, (d+2):ncol(combine)]%>%
        t() %>%
        as.data.frame()

    Y_in <- as.data.frame(sapply(Y_in, as.numeric))

    ## Take the question names and
    ## convert to column names

    question <- combine[,1] %>%
        as.data.frame()
    colnames(Y_in) <- question[,1]
    rm(combine)
    rm(question)

Troubleshooting note: it is important that the `Y_in` object be numeric and a matrix. You can check the data types by running `dplyr`’s `summary(response_object)` [or similar] and adjust the data type if needed. Likewise, if you run the IRT-M sampler and it returns the message `Error: Not compatible with requested type: [type=list; target=double]` you probably either passed a non-numeric data type in or didn’t pass a matrix to the `Y_in` argument.

##Running IRT-M

Running IRT-M

Once we have the input data, `Y_in`, and the constraint matrix, `M_matrix`, we can now proceed to run IRT-M. The package provides a wrapper to make running the IRT-M sampler easier: the `irt_m()` function. It takes as arguments `Y_in` and `M_matrix`, as well as the number of latent dimensions, `d`. If no constraint matrix is provided, it runs an unconstrained IRT model. If `M_matrix` is provided and not `NULL`, the first two things `irt_m()` does is check to make sure that the column headers of `Y_in` match the item codes in the first column of `M_matrix`. It quits with an error if they do not. This is to ensure that the analyst is using the expected set of items in the computation. Then, `irt_m()` checks to make sure that the number of dimensions provided by the analyst (in `d`) is one fewer than the number of columns of `M_matrix`. After those checks, `irt_m()` instantiates a `K x d x d` array of diagonal matrices, built from `M_matrix`, that will be used for the sampler, and checks one more time to make sure that all the dimensions are correct, quitting with an error if not.

Next, `irt_m` creates a set of `4d(d-1)` (for `d>1`) or `2` (for `d=1`) synthetic anchor points via the package function `pair_gen_anchors()`. Those points are mathematically optional for the purposes of identifying the model, but are substantively helpful in that they aid in providing a clear substantive interpretation and consistent scale of the underlying space. For every pair of latent dimensions, four “fake” respondents are created. Those respondents are assumed to have each possible combination of maximum/minimum positions along each dimension in the pair. Then, the `M_matrix` is used to infer how those fake respondents would have responded to each item. For example, a respondent with maximal levels of economic and cultural threat would respond `1` to items that were coded positively relative to both latent dimensions and `0` to items that were coded negatively relative to both latent dimensions. `irt_m()` adds these fake respondents to `Y_in` and then passes this new matrix, `Y_all`, to the sampler, which returns a list with the estimated `Theta`, `Lambda`, `b`, `Sigma`, and `Omega` posterior distributions for the model. By default, the fake respondents are placed at the beginning of `Y_all`; however, before returning its list, `irt_m()` removes the fake respondents, so that their presence does not hinder further analyses. It does this via two objects that help to keep track of the introduced anchor points: `d_which_fix` and `d_theta_fix`. Those record the indices of the synthetic extreme points that were created in `pair_gen_anchors()`.

In addition to `Y_in`, `M_matrix`, and `d`, `irt_m()` also has four additional arguments that may be used if desired. Three are technical variables related to the sampler. These specify the number of burn-in MCMC iterations (`nburn`, `Default=1000`), the number of sampling MCMC iterations (`nsamp`, `Default=1000`), and the number of thinning MCMC samples (`thin`, `Default=10`). The fourth is a logical variable (`learn_loadings`, `Default=FALSE`). IRT-M defaults to learning the covariance matrix of the latent dimensions, but setting this variable to `TRUE` has it instead learn the covariance matrix of the item loadings.

One does not need to use `irt_m()` if one does not want: one can directly use the sampler instead via the `M_constrained_irt()` function. Doing so requires creating the array of constraint matrices and anchor points oneself, as those need to be passed to the sampler as arguments.

Moving to the output list of `irt_m()`, the `theta` array gives us samples from the posterior distribution of respondents’ positions along each of the latent dimensions. This object is an array of dimension `N x d x nsamp/thin`, or number of respondents x number of latent dimensions x number of saved simulations. The `lambda` array, of dimension `K x d x nsamp/thin`, contains samples from the posterior distribution of item loadings (discrimination parameters) for each item-dimension pair. The `b` output array, of dimension `K x nsamp/thin`, contains samples from the posterior distribution of item difficulty parameters. The `Sigma` array, of dimension `d x d x nsamp/thin`, contains samples from the posterior distribution of the covariance matrix of latent dimensions. It is only learned if `learn_loadings=FALSE`, which is the default. The `Omega` array, of dimension `d x d x nsamp/thin`, contains samples from the posterior distribution of the covariance matrix of item loadings. It is only learned if `learn_loadings=TRUE`.

Note that in the following code we’ve reduced the sampling settings a bit from the default, since the goal of the vignette is merely to be instructive and running quickly (less than a minute) is helpful for that. One can also increase to `nsamp=10000` and `nburn=2000` if one desires and has the time, though using the default thin=10 (or greater) is recommended in that case. Running an unconstrained IRT, useful when the analyst wants to evaluate the impact of coding decisions, can be done by instead using `M_matrix=NULL` or simply leaving it out.

    d=6
    irt <- irt_m(Y_in = Y_in, d = d, M_matrix = M_matrix, nsamp = 1000, nburn=20, thin=1)

## Interpretation and Analysis

Interpretation and analysis

We include samples from the posterior distribution as the analyst may desire to use them in capturing measurement uncertainty. For our purely descriptive purposes here, however, we’ll want to take the means of the relevant posterior distributions. The most important mean we’ll take, in order to produce a population-level distribution of positions on the latent dimensions, is that of the `theta` array. In `helpers_analysis.R`, we provide a function, `theta_av()`, to do this. It takes as input the `theta` array and returns an `N x d` dimensional matrix of estimated positions for each respondent, for each dimension.

    avgthetas <- theta_av(irt$theta)

We can now begin our analysis, and we start by bringing in additional variables from the original dataset into the analysis. The IRT-M code itself does not keep unique ids for responses; however, it retains the order of the rows of the input data. This allows one to attach other variables to the matrix of `theta` estimates, `avgthetas`. After bringing in the additional variables, we then specify all column names of this new data frame (`thetas’). This provides us a data frame that can be used for inferential and descriptive analysis.

In the context of the synthetic survey that forms this vignette, we can bring in both metadata and survey instruments themselves. More broadly, we could connect the estimated thetas to any respondent-level metadata to which we had access, though that might require assigning codes to each respondent and merging data.

Here we read in a data frame with demographic data from the survey, and bind that to the theta averages. `synth_idvs’ is a table with a synthetic version of independent variables from the underlying survey data. It takes the large survey dataset and extracts respondent-level questions that we’re interested in for the visualizations: respondent unique identifiers and country, their self-reported socioeconomic class, and their self-reported political orientation. In the following code, we import the data and attach it to our averaged respondent-level theta estimates. We also make the column names more human-readable. At this stage, we convert several of the metadata columns to factors, to facilitate the visualizations.

We finish by calling R’s `head()` method to preview the data.

    ## load idvs:
    load("./vdata/synth_idvs.rda")

    thetas <- cbind(avgthetas, synthidvs)

    ## Rename columns for readability:
    colnames(thetas)[1:6] <- paste0("Theta", 1:6)
    colnames(thetas)[colnames(thetas)=="qb7_2"] <- "MoreBorderControl"

    ## Cast into factors:
    thetas$mediatrust <- as.factor(thetas$mediatrust)
    thetas$class <- as.factor(thetas$class)
    thetas$polorient <- as.factor(thetas$polorient)

    head(thetas)
    #>        Theta1      Theta2      Theta3     Theta4      Theta5     Theta6 X
    #> 1 -1.27488798 -0.08720856 -0.27555933 -0.1050969  0.08056352  0.3730307 0
    #> 2  0.03275518  1.23030084  0.01103364 -0.6998475 -0.03368952 -0.3191716 1
    #> 3  0.89973046  0.29592248  0.75433706  0.7540692 -0.32664011 -1.8705352 2
    #> 4 -1.01275214 -0.21884063 -0.11577947 -0.1861527  0.08190306  0.3826651 3
    #> 5 -1.59683016 -0.35384016 -1.21221471 -0.9600912 -0.14766654  0.9622527 4
    #> 6  1.34208332  1.40219043  1.39816688  0.3623526 -0.29598982  0.0089270 5
    #>      uniqid d63        class polorient mediatrust trustnom trustallm
    #> 1 320387826   3  MiddleClass  FarRight      Other        0         0
    #> 2 394380111   4 WorkingClass    Center   TrustAll        0         0
    #> 3 139929284   1  MiddleClass    Center  TrustTrad        0         0
    #> 4 424648035   3  LowerMiddle      Left   TrustAll        0         0
    #> 5 478547108   3 WorkingClass    Center  TrustTrad        0         0
    #> 6 180669540   3  MiddleClass    Center      Other        0         0
    #>   trustwebonly trusttradm qa6a_1 qa6a_2 qa6a_5 qa6a_3 qa6at qa6a_4 d63.1 d15a
    #> 1            0          1      1      1      2      1     2      2     3   -1
    #> 2            0          1      1      1      2      2     2      1     4    3
    #> 3            0          1      1      2      1      3     2      2     1   19
    #> 4            0          1      1      1      2      1     3      1     3   10
    #> 5            0          1      1      1      1      1     2      1     3   15
    #> 6            0          1      2      1      2      2     3      3     3    4
    #>   d1r2 d1 d11r1 d10 d1r1 d15a_r1 d11 d11r2 d15a_r2
    #> 1    1  9     3   1    9       1  59     3       1
    #> 2    2  8     2   1    3       1  81     3       2
    #> 3    1  6     3   1    2       3  32     2       7
    #> 4    3  5     4   2    3       2  95     5       2
    #> 5    2  7     3   2    3       2  48     4       7
    #> 6    5 10     4   1    9       2  28     4       7

## Correlation matrices

One difference between IRT-M and other conventional IRT approaches is that IRT-M assumes that the latent dimensions may be correlated, as is true for many theoretical concepts, and it learns the covariance matrix for the latent dimensions. It can be informative, as an initial descriptive analysis, to examine the correlation matrix between the latent dimensions. The function `dim_corr()` does that. It takes as input the array of covariance matrices output by IRT-M (either in `Sigma` or in `Omega`), averages their elements across samples, and computes and returns a correlation matrix of dimension `d x d`. The function also takes an optional vector input, `dim_names`, comprising names of each dimension. If that input is present and of length d, it adds corresponding row and column names to the correlation matrix before returning it.

    #Compute correlation matrix of latent dimensions
    theta_names <- c("Culture Threat", "Religion Threat", "Economic Threat", "Health Threat", "Support Immigration", "Support EU")
    theta_corr <- dim_corr(irt$Sigma, theta_names)
    theta_corr
    #>                     Culture Threat Religion Threat Economic Threat
    #> Culture Threat           1.0000000      0.18700514       0.5537404
    #> Religion Threat          0.1870051      1.00000000       0.1900605
    #> Economic Threat          0.5537404      0.19006049       1.0000000
    #> Health Threat            0.5269244      0.18736978       0.5504976
    #> Support Immigration     -0.1937076     -0.06892263      -0.1950458
    #> Support EU              -0.4689122     -0.18556258      -0.5315167
    #>                     Health Threat Support Immigration Support EU
    #> Culture Threat          0.5269244         -0.19370756 -0.4689122
    #> Religion Threat         0.1873698         -0.06892263 -0.1855626
    #> Economic Threat         0.5504976         -0.19504579 -0.5315167
    #> Health Threat           1.0000000         -0.18349189 -0.4931389
    #> Support Immigration    -0.1834919          1.00000000  0.1773904
    #> Support EU             -0.4931389          0.17739045  1.0000000

## Visualizations

At this point, the analyst will likely want to visualize distributions over each latent dimension, possibly subset by other variables. The IRT-M package makes this easy to do with the function `irt_vis()`. This function takes as input the number of latent dimensions, `d`, and a data frame (`Y_out`) constructed above, containing the average thetas plus any additional variables supplied by the analyst. It returns a ridge plot illustrating the population distribution over each latent dimension. The function also takes two optional arguments. The first, `sub_name`, takes the name of another variable in `Y_out` and provides subplots for each level in the variable `sub_name`. The second, `out_file`, takes a file name; if one is provided, the function writes the plot to a file with that name and places it in the working directory. Both default to `NULL` if not provided.

The following code presents examples of visualizations for the latent dimension estimations. We focus on the subgroup distribution visualizations presented in Morucci et al. 2024. Earlier, we loaded packages to assist in visualization. `irt_vis()` makes use of a `melt()` call from the `dplyr` library, which converts the data from wide to long format. Treating each `theta` identifier as a factor makes it easy to use the `ggridges` library to visualize ridge plots for each latent dimension. Before running `irt_vis()`, we rename the columns for the latent dimensions of `thetas` (its first `d` columns), since we are plotting the constrained model only. We first call `irt_vis()` without using a `sub_name` variable to produce aggregate distributions. We do pass a name for an output file.

    library(ggplot2) #version: ggplot2_3.4.4
    library(ggridges) #version: ggridges_0.5.6
    library(RColorBrewer) #version: RColorBrewer_1.1-3
    library(dplyr) #version: dplyr_1.1.4
    library(ggrepel) # version: ggrepel_0.9.5
    library(reshape2) #version: reshape2_1.4.4

    ## Rename for interpretability:
    ## Mapping:
    ## Theta1-Culture threat
    ## Theta2-ReligionThreat
    ## Theta3-Economic Threat
    ## Theta4-HealthThreat
    ## Theta5-OutcomeSupportImmigration
    ## Theta6-OutcomeSupportEU

    colnames(thetas)[1:6] <-  recode(colnames(thetas)[1:6],
                                     "Theta1" = "Culture Threat",
                                     "Theta2" = "Religion Threat",
                                     "Theta3" = "Economic Threat",
                                     "Theta4" = "Health Threat",
                                     "Theta5" = "Support Immigration",
                                     "Theta6" = "Support EU")

    #Save aggregate plot
    ggbase <- irt_vis(d = d, T_out = thetas, sub_name = NULL, out_file = "ebirtm-synth.png")

Visualization of estimated Theta distributions, Eurobarometer Data

Now we turn to more sophisticated visualizations. For example, we may have a theory in which we expect that the underlying dimensions we find will be moderated by demographic variables. We can use the metadata that we retained for the visualizations. The following example code presents ridge plot visualizations for different levels of respondent-reported media trust patterns (column 17 in the data):

    #Save plot subset by media trust
    ggmt <- irt_vis(d = d, T_out = thetas, sub_name = "mediatrust", out_file = "theta-media-synth.png")

Visualization of the distribution of Thetas by media trust.

## Lambda

After estimating and exploring the theta distributions, one might turn to questions of validation. The IRT-M model produces output that can help with this task: the `lambda` array records how closely associated each item is to each latent dimension, including any outcome latent dimensions.

IRT-M comes with a utility, `get_lambdas()`, to make using the information in that array a bit easier. It takes three inputs: the `lambda` array from the IRT model, a vector of item names, and a vector of latent dimension names. The utility returns a list with two objects, both of which are data frames. The first, `av_lams`, contains averages (across samples) of item discrimination parameters. The second, `high_lams`, is a `K x d` matrix, with each column an ordered list of the items (by name) that most strongly load on each latent dimension. The utility also accepts an optional argument, `item_elab`, which is a vector of item descriptions. If that argument is not null (its default), then the utility appends those descriptions to the item names in its output.

For our vignette, `lambda` is an array where the first dimension is the number of one-hot encoded survey questions, the second dimension is the number of latent dimensions, and the third dimension is the number of thinned samples produced by the IRT-M sampler. Our MCodes matrix also contains substantive notes for each item. The code below returns useful information about model loadings.

    #Extract relevant substantive notes and create data frame with them and item codes
    filtered_MCodes <- MCodes[MCodes[[2]] %in% M_matrix$QMap, , drop = FALSE]
    M_df <- data.frame(QMap = M_matrix$QMap, sn = filtered_MCodes[[3]])

    #Explore item loadings
    lambdas <- get_lambdas(irt$lambda, item_names = M_df$QMap, dim_names = theta_names, item_elab = M_df$sn)
    average_lambdas <- lambdas[[1]]
    highest_lambdas <- lambdas[[2]]
    average_lambdas
    #>                                                                             QMap
    #> 1                            qa1a_1_1: Situation of country in general Very good
    #> 2                          qa1a_1_2: Situation of country in general rather good
    #> 3                           qa1a_1_3: Situation of country in general rather bad
    #> 4                             qa1a_1_4: Situation of country in general Very Bad
    #> 5                   qa1a_2_1: Situation of national economy in general Very good
    #> 6                 qa1a_2_2: Situation of national economy in general rather good
    #> 7                  qa1a_2_3: Situation of national economy in general rather bad
    #> 8                    qa1a_2_4: Situation of national economy in general Very Bad
    #> 9                         qa1a_3_1: Situation of EU economy in general Very good
    #> 10                      qa1a_3_2: Situation of EU economy in general rather good
    #> 11                       qa1a_3_3: Situation of EU economy in general rather bad
    #> 12                         qa1a_3_4: Situation of EU economy in general Very Bad
    #> 13                                 qa1a_4_1: Situation of personal job Very good
    #> 14                               qa1a_4_2: Situation of personal job rather good
    #> 15                                qa1a_4_3: Situation of personal job rather bad
    #> 16                                  qa1a_4_4: Situation of personal job Very Bad
    #> 17                           qa1a_5_1: Situation of household finances Very good
    #> 18                         qa1a_5_2: Situation of household finances rather good
    #> 19                          qa1a_5_3: Situation of household finances rather bad
    #> 20                            qa1a_5_4: Situation of household finances Very Bad
    #> 21                          qa1a_6_1: Situation of national employment Very good
    #> 22                        qa1a_6_2: Situation of national employment rather good
    #> 23                         qa1a_6_3: Situation of national employment rather bad
    #> 24                           qa1a_6_4: Situation of national employment Very Bad
    #> 25                              qa1a_7_1: Situation of public services Very good
    #> 26                            qa1a_7_2: Situation of public services rather good
    #> 27                             qa1a_7_3: Situation of public services rather bad
    #> 28                               qa1a_7_4: Situation of public services Very Bad
    #> 29                            qa2a_1_1: life in general better in next 12 months
    #> 30                             qa2a_1_2: life in general worse in next 12 months
    #> 31                         qa2a_2_1: national situation better in next 12 months
    #> 32                          qa2a_2_2: national situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 33                qa2a_3_1: national economic situation better in next 12 months
    #> 34                 qa2a_3_2: national economic situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 35                         qa2a_4_1: household finances better in next 12 months
    #> 36                          qa2a_4_2: household finances worse in next 12 months
    #> 37                        qa2a_5_1: National employment better in next 12 months
    #> 38                         qa2a_5_2: National employment worse in next 12 months
    #> 39                     qa2a_6_1: personal job situation better in next 12 months
    #> 40                      qa2a_6_2: personal job situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 41                               qa2a_7_1: EU economics better in next 12 months
    #> 42                                qa2a_7_2: EU economics worse in next 12 months
    #> 43                           qa3a_1_1: most important national issue: crime. Yes
    #> 44                       qa3a_2_1: most important national issue: econ situation
    #> 45                             qa3a_4_1: most important national issue: taxation
    #> 46                         qa3a_5_1: most important national issue: unemployment
    #> 47                            qa3a_6_1: most important national issue: terrorism
    #> 48                            qa3a_8_1: most important national issue: govt debt
    #> 49                          qa3a_9_1: most important national issue: immigration
    #> 50                              qa3a_10_1: most important national issue: health
    #> 51                           qa3a_11_1: most important national issue: education
    #> 52                            qa3a_12_1: most important national issue: pensions
    #> 53                 qa3a_13_1: most important national issue: environment/climate
    #> 54                              qa3a_15_1: most important national issue: cyprus
    #> 55                                qa4a_1_1: most important personal issue: crime
    #> 56                     qa4a_2_1: most important personal issue: national economy
    #> 57                            qa4a_3_1: most important personal issue: inflation
    #> 58                             qa4a_4_1: most important personal issue: taxation
    #> 59                         qa4a_5_1: most important personal issue: unemployment
    #> 60                            qa4a_6_1: most important personal issue: terrorism
    #> 61                              qa4a_7_1: most important personal issue: housing
    #> 62                          qa4a_9_1: most important personal issue: immigration
    #> 63                              qa4a_10_1: most important personal issue: health
    #> 64                           qa4a_11_1: most important personal issue: education
    #> 65                 qa4a_12_1: most important personal issue: environment/climate
    #> 66                            qa4a_13_1: most important personal issue: pensions
    #> 67                  qa4a_14_1: most important personal issue: working conditions
    #> 68                   qa4a_15_1: most important personal issue: living conditions
    #> 69                              qa4a_16_1: most important personal issue: cyprus
    #> 70                                                       qa6b_1_1: trust parties
    #> 71                                                qa6b_1_2: do not trust parties
    #> 72                                                        qa6b_3_1: trust police
    #> 73                                                 qa6b_3_2: do not trust police
    #> 74                                                  qa6b_8_1: trust national gvt
    #> 75                                           qa6b_8_2: do not trust national gvt
    #> 76                                                           qa6b_10_1: trust EU
    #> 77                                                    qa6b_10_2: do not trust EU
    #> 78                                                qa8_1_1: trust Euro parliament
    #> 79                                            qa8_1_2: not trust Euro parliament
    #> 80                                                qa8_2_1: trust Euro Commission
    #> 81                                            qa8_2_2: not trust Euro Commission
    #> 82                         qa10_1_1: Very Satisfied with National covid response
    #> 83                       qa10_1_2: Fairly satisfied with National covid response
    #> 84                     qa10_1_3: Not very satisfied with National covid response
    #> 85                   qa10_1_4: Not at all satisfied with National covid response
    #> 86                            qa10_2_1: Very Satisfied with local covid response
    #> 87                          qa10_2_2: Fairly satisfied with local covid response
    #> 88                        qa10_2_3: Not very satisfied with local covid response
    #> 89                      qa10_2_4: Not at all satisfied with local covid response
    #> 90                               qa10_3_1: Very Satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 91                             qa10_3_2: Fairly satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 92                           qa10_3_3: Not very satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 93                         qa10_3_4: Not at all satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 94     qa13_1_1: Totally agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 95     qa13_1_2: Tend to agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 96  qa13_1_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 97  qa13_1_4: Totally disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 98      qa13_2_1: Totally agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 99      qa13_2_2: Tend to agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 100  qa13_2_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 101  qa13_2_4: Totally disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 102                        qa14_1: national economy already recovered from covid
    #> 103                     qa14_2: national economy will recover from covid in 2021
    #> 104                     qa14_3: national economy will recover from covid in 2022
    #> 105                    qa14_4: national economy will recover from covid in 2023+
    #> 106                       qa14_5: national economy will never recover from covid
    #> 107                                    qa16_1: covid restrictions very justified
    #> 108                                  qa16_2: covid restrictions fairly justified
    #> 109                                qa16_3: covid restrictions not very justified
    #> 110                              qa16_4: covid restrictions not at all justified
    #> 111                   qa16_4: covid restrictions endanger mental physical health
    #> 112                         qa18_1_1: totally agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 113                         qa18_1_2: tend to agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 114                      qa18_1_3: tend to disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 115                      qa18_1_4: totally disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 116                    qa18_2_1: totally agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 117                    qa18_2_2: tend to agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 118                 qa18_2_3: tend to disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 119                 qa18_2_4: totally disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 120                 qa18_5_1: totally agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 121                 qa18_5_2: tend to agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 122              qa18_5_3: tend to disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 123              qa18_5_4: totally disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 124                                                        qa19_1: Want vax asap
    #> 125                                                    qa19_2: want vvax in 2021
    #> 126                                                       qa19_4: want vax never
    #> 127                            sd18a_1: very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 128                          sd18a_2: fairly satisifed with democracy in country
    #> 129                        sd18a_3: not very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 130                      sd18a_4: not at all satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 131                                                  qc1a_3_1: Very attached: EU
    #> 132                                                qc1a_3_2: Fairly attached: EU
    #> 133                                              qc1a_3_3: Not very attached: EU
    #> 134                                            qc1a_3_4: Not at all attached: EU
    #> 135                                  qd8_1_1: Totally agree: often see fake news
    #> 136                                  qd8_1_2: Tend to agree: often see fake news
    #> 137                      qd8_3_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 138                      qd8_3_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 139                   qd8_3_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 140                   qd8_3_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 141      qd8_4_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 142      qd8_4_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 143   qd8_4_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 144   qd8_4_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 145                               d60_1: difficulties to pay bills: most of time
    #> 146                               d60_2: difficulties to pay bills: time to time
    #> 147                               d60_3: difficulties to pay bills: Almost never
    #> 148                                              d70_1: Very satisfied with life
    #> 149                                          d78_1: EU association very positive
    #> 150                                        d78_2: EU association fairly positive
    #> 151                                        d78_4: EU association fairly negative
    #> 152                                          d78_5: EU association very negative
    #> 153                                         d73_2_1: EU going in right direction
    #>     Culture Threat Religion Threat Economic Threat Health Threat
    #> 1     -0.228944730       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 2     -0.371209167       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 3      0.320488904       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 4      0.377164299       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 5      0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.364171034   0.000000000
    #> 6      0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.654325167   0.000000000
    #> 7      0.000000000       0.0000000     0.114588329   0.000000000
    #> 8      0.000000000       0.0000000     0.725127216   0.000000000
    #> 9      0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.276280612   0.000000000
    #> 10     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.588749786   0.000000000
    #> 11     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.366726379   0.000000000
    #> 12     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.515893203   0.000000000
    #> 13     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.536110811   0.000000000
    #> 14     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.342533845   0.000000000
    #> 15     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.504389985   0.000000000
    #> 16     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.480822888   0.000000000
    #> 17     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.375783512   0.000000000
    #> 18     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.303346232   0.000000000
    #> 19     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.524404075   0.000000000
    #> 20     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.611536870   0.000000000
    #> 21     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.405084752   0.000000000
    #> 22     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.520991378   0.000000000
    #> 23     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.147716819   0.000000000
    #> 24     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.579775291   0.000000000
    #> 25    -0.255483126       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 26    -0.359667784       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 27     0.337908787       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 28     0.510753931       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 29    -0.270856896       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 30     0.399207266       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 31    -0.372183929       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 32     0.344537128       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 33     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.757529285   0.000000000
    #> 34     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.475317490   0.000000000
    #> 35     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.365528308   0.000000000
    #> 36     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.495667110   0.000000000
    #> 37     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.761276438   0.000000000
    #> 38     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.559725087   0.000000000
    #> 39     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.299602128   0.000000000
    #> 40     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.509025844   0.000000000
    #> 41     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.561902479   0.000000000
    #> 42     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.360377248   0.000000000
    #> 43     0.139090368       0.0000000     0.199958081   0.000000000
    #> 44     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.206125697   0.000000000
    #> 45     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.214761562   0.000000000
    #> 46     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.266479259   0.000000000
    #> 47     0.000000000       0.7492480     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 48     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.018672025   0.000000000
    #> 49     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 50     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.335011499
    #> 51     0.117105052       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 52     0.011723167       0.0000000     0.010585552   0.000000000
    #> 53     0.229120523       0.0000000     0.333693983   0.000000000
    #> 54     0.387404624       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 55     0.254596571       0.0000000     0.261027094   0.000000000
    #> 56     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.242880255   0.000000000
    #> 57     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.242264645   0.000000000
    #> 58     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.316976600   0.000000000
    #> 59     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.501079630   0.000000000
    #> 60     0.000000000       0.9161896     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 61     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.214863830   0.000000000
    #> 62     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 63     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.271213229
    #> 64     0.142264798       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 65     0.181479977       0.0000000     0.204886512   0.000000000
    #> 66     0.007170695       0.0000000     0.005303104   0.000000000
    #> 67     0.243669879       0.0000000     0.246999496   0.000000000
    #> 68     0.117937377       0.0000000     0.104638767   0.000000000
    #> 69     0.194854631       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 70    -6.924595641       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 71     9.487307759       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 72    -0.603411288       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 73     0.594061527       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 74    -0.522796046       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 75     0.453940547       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 76    -0.319978751       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 77     0.223761726       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 78    -0.350193413       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 79     0.226590559       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 80    -0.291348247       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 81     0.200416730       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 82     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.415625204
    #> 83     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.544207851
    #> 84     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.159999946
    #> 85     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.895118348
    #> 86     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.410529658
    #> 87     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.590631877
    #> 88     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.536814297
    #> 89     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.443957893
    #> 90     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.114204844
    #> 91     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.331446983
    #> 92     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.079565800
    #> 93     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.511138199
    #> 94     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.544694314   0.000000000
    #> 95     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.334420834   0.000000000
    #> 96     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.197718201   0.000000000
    #> 97     0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.637541750   0.000000000
    #> 98     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.519738998   0.000000000
    #> 99     0.000000000       0.0000000     0.002005512   0.000000000
    #> 100    0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.339820319   0.000000000
    #> 101    0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.500432336   0.000000000
    #> 102    0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.495854356   0.000000000
    #> 103    0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.360765595   0.000000000
    #> 104    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.132159810   0.000000000
    #> 105    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.006356261   0.000000000
    #> 106    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.670712546   0.000000000
    #> 107    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.004217907
    #> 108    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.008503514
    #> 109    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.005200686
    #> 110    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.005192154
    #> 111    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.506368587
    #> 112    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.671451343
    #> 113    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.055616375
    #> 114    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.406874470
    #> 115    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.512507777
    #> 116    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.981806988
    #> 117    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.031414154
    #> 118    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.828599913
    #> 119    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.269457452
    #> 120    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.370100594
    #> 121    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.174524574
    #> 122    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.196238273
    #> 123    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.576643628
    #> 124    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.058249234
    #> 125    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.128090246
    #> 126    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000  -0.008116572
    #> 127   -0.273373857       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 128   -0.256101596       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 129    0.251877812       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 130    0.354374456       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 131    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 132    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 133    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 134    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 135    0.244491958       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 136    0.011067959       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 137    0.187673819       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 138    0.167370317       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 139   -0.286790698       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 140   -0.306619620       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 141    0.162083401       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 142    0.040062714       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 143   -0.285928518       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 144   -0.463657266       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 145    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.732650442   0.000000000
    #> 146    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.470942594   0.000000000
    #> 147    0.000000000       0.0000000    -0.960920247   0.000000000
    #> 148   -0.323547803       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 149    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 150    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 151    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 152    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #> 153    0.000000000       0.0000000     0.000000000   0.000000000
    #>     Support Immigration Support EU
    #> 1             0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 2             0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 3             0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 4             0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 5             0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 6             0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 7             0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 8             0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 9             0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 10            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 11            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 12            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 13            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 14            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 15            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 16            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 17            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 18            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 19            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 20            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 21            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 22            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 23            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 24            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 25            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 26            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 27            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 28            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 29            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 30            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 31            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 32            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 33            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 34            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 35            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 36            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 37            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 38            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 39            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 40            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 41            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 42            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 43            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 44            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 45            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 46            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 47            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 48            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 49            0.6764481  0.0000000
    #> 50            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 51            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 52            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 53            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 54            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 55            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 56            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 57            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 58            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 59            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 60            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 61            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 62           -0.2657453  0.0000000
    #> 63            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 64            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 65            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 66            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 67            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 68            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 69            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 70            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 71            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 72            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 73            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 74            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 75            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 76            0.0000000  2.6920619
    #> 77            0.0000000 -2.0869861
    #> 78            0.0000000  0.7931308
    #> 79            0.0000000 -0.5424695
    #> 80            0.0000000  0.8009997
    #> 81            0.0000000 -0.6004199
    #> 82            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 83            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 84            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 85            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 86            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 87            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 88            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 89            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 90            0.0000000  0.1351749
    #> 91            0.0000000  0.3156860
    #> 92            0.0000000 -0.1982020
    #> 93            0.0000000 -0.3432446
    #> 94            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 95            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 96            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 97            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 98            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 99            0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 100           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 101           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 102           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 103           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 104           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 105           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 106           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 107           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 108           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 109           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 110           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 111           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 112           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 113           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 114           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 115           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 116           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 117           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 118           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 119           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 120           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 121           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 122           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 123           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 124           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 125           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 126           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 127           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 128           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 129           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 130           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 131           0.0000000  0.3344426
    #> 132           0.0000000  0.3216718
    #> 133           0.0000000 -0.1047849
    #> 134           0.0000000 -0.7239508
    #> 135           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 136           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 137           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 138           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 139           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 140           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 141           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 142           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 143           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 144           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 145           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 146           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 147           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 148           0.0000000  0.0000000
    #> 149           0.0000000  0.2420676
    #> 150           0.0000000  0.5956120
    #> 151           0.0000000 -0.3006924
    #> 152           0.0000000 -0.4197890
    #> 153           0.0000000  0.2178868
    highest_lambdas
    #>                                                                   Culture Threat
    #> 1                                                 qa6b_1_2: do not trust parties
    #> 2                                                        qa6b_1_1: trust parties
    #> 3                                                         qa6b_3_1: trust police
    #> 4                                                  qa6b_3_2: do not trust police
    #> 5                                                   qa6b_8_1: trust national gvt
    #> 6                                qa1a_7_4: Situation of public services Very Bad
    #> 7     qd8_4_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 8                                            qa6b_8_2: do not trust national gvt
    #> 9                              qa2a_1_2: life in general worse in next 12 months
    #> 10                              qa3a_15_1: most important national issue: cyprus
    #> 11                            qa1a_1_4: Situation of country in general Very Bad
    #> 12                         qa2a_2_1: national situation better in next 12 months
    #> 13                         qa1a_1_2: Situation of country in general rather good
    #> 14                            qa1a_7_2: Situation of public services rather good
    #> 15                       sd18a_4: not at all satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 16                                                qa8_1_1: trust Euro parliament
    #> 17                          qa2a_2_2: national situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 18                             qa1a_7_3: Situation of public services rather bad
    #> 19                                               d70_1: Very satisfied with life
    #> 20                          qa1a_1_3: Situation of country in general rather bad
    #> 21                                                           qa6b_10_1: trust EU
    #> 22                    qd8_3_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 23                                                qa8_2_1: trust Euro Commission
    #> 24                    qd8_3_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 25    qd8_4_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 26                             sd18a_1: very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 27                            qa2a_1_1: life in general better in next 12 months
    #> 28                           sd18a_2: fairly satisifed with democracy in country
    #> 29                              qa1a_7_1: Situation of public services Very good
    #> 30                                qa4a_1_1: most important personal issue: crime
    #> 31                         sd18a_3: not very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 32                                   qd8_1_1: Totally agree: often see fake news
    #> 33                  qa4a_14_1: most important personal issue: working conditions
    #> 34                 qa3a_13_1: most important national issue: environment/climate
    #> 35                           qa1a_1_1: Situation of country in general Very good
    #> 36                                            qa8_1_2: not trust Euro parliament
    #> 37                                                    qa6b_10_2: do not trust EU
    #> 38                                            qa8_2_2: not trust Euro Commission
    #> 39                              qa4a_16_1: most important personal issue: cyprus
    #> 40                       qd8_3_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 41                 qa4a_12_1: most important personal issue: environment/climate
    #> 42                       qd8_3_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 43       qd8_4_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 44                           qa4a_11_1: most important personal issue: education
    #> 45                           qa3a_1_1: most important national issue: crime. Yes
    #> 46                   qa4a_15_1: most important personal issue: living conditions
    #> 47                           qa3a_11_1: most important national issue: education
    #> 48       qd8_4_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 49                            qa3a_12_1: most important national issue: pensions
    #> 50                                   qd8_1_2: Tend to agree: often see fake news
    #> 51                            qa4a_13_1: most important personal issue: pensions
    #> 52                  qa1a_2_1: Situation of national economy in general Very good
    #> 53                qa1a_2_2: Situation of national economy in general rather good
    #> 54                 qa1a_2_3: Situation of national economy in general rather bad
    #> 55                   qa1a_2_4: Situation of national economy in general Very Bad
    #> 56                        qa1a_3_1: Situation of EU economy in general Very good
    #> 57                      qa1a_3_2: Situation of EU economy in general rather good
    #> 58                       qa1a_3_3: Situation of EU economy in general rather bad
    #> 59                         qa1a_3_4: Situation of EU economy in general Very Bad
    #> 60                                 qa1a_4_1: Situation of personal job Very good
    #> 61                               qa1a_4_2: Situation of personal job rather good
    #> 62                                qa1a_4_3: Situation of personal job rather bad
    #> 63                                  qa1a_4_4: Situation of personal job Very Bad
    #> 64                           qa1a_5_1: Situation of household finances Very good
    #> 65                         qa1a_5_2: Situation of household finances rather good
    #> 66                          qa1a_5_3: Situation of household finances rather bad
    #> 67                            qa1a_5_4: Situation of household finances Very Bad
    #> 68                          qa1a_6_1: Situation of national employment Very good
    #> 69                        qa1a_6_2: Situation of national employment rather good
    #> 70                         qa1a_6_3: Situation of national employment rather bad
    #> 71                           qa1a_6_4: Situation of national employment Very Bad
    #> 72                qa2a_3_1: national economic situation better in next 12 months
    #> 73                 qa2a_3_2: national economic situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 74                         qa2a_4_1: household finances better in next 12 months
    #> 75                          qa2a_4_2: household finances worse in next 12 months
    #> 76                        qa2a_5_1: National employment better in next 12 months
    #> 77                         qa2a_5_2: National employment worse in next 12 months
    #> 78                     qa2a_6_1: personal job situation better in next 12 months
    #> 79                      qa2a_6_2: personal job situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 80                               qa2a_7_1: EU economics better in next 12 months
    #> 81                                qa2a_7_2: EU economics worse in next 12 months
    #> 82                       qa3a_2_1: most important national issue: econ situation
    #> 83                             qa3a_4_1: most important national issue: taxation
    #> 84                         qa3a_5_1: most important national issue: unemployment
    #> 85                            qa3a_6_1: most important national issue: terrorism
    #> 86                            qa3a_8_1: most important national issue: govt debt
    #> 87                          qa3a_9_1: most important national issue: immigration
    #> 88                              qa3a_10_1: most important national issue: health
    #> 89                     qa4a_2_1: most important personal issue: national economy
    #> 90                            qa4a_3_1: most important personal issue: inflation
    #> 91                             qa4a_4_1: most important personal issue: taxation
    #> 92                         qa4a_5_1: most important personal issue: unemployment
    #> 93                            qa4a_6_1: most important personal issue: terrorism
    #> 94                              qa4a_7_1: most important personal issue: housing
    #> 95                          qa4a_9_1: most important personal issue: immigration
    #> 96                              qa4a_10_1: most important personal issue: health
    #> 97                         qa10_1_1: Very Satisfied with National covid response
    #> 98                       qa10_1_2: Fairly satisfied with National covid response
    #> 99                     qa10_1_3: Not very satisfied with National covid response
    #> 100                  qa10_1_4: Not at all satisfied with National covid response
    #> 101                           qa10_2_1: Very Satisfied with local covid response
    #> 102                         qa10_2_2: Fairly satisfied with local covid response
    #> 103                       qa10_2_3: Not very satisfied with local covid response
    #> 104                     qa10_2_4: Not at all satisfied with local covid response
    #> 105                              qa10_3_1: Very Satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 106                            qa10_3_2: Fairly satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 107                          qa10_3_3: Not very satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 108                        qa10_3_4: Not at all satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 109    qa13_1_1: Totally agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 110    qa13_1_2: Tend to agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 111 qa13_1_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 112 qa13_1_4: Totally disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 113     qa13_2_1: Totally agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 114     qa13_2_2: Tend to agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 115  qa13_2_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 116  qa13_2_4: Totally disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 117                        qa14_1: national economy already recovered from covid
    #> 118                     qa14_2: national economy will recover from covid in 2021
    #> 119                     qa14_3: national economy will recover from covid in 2022
    #> 120                    qa14_4: national economy will recover from covid in 2023+
    #> 121                       qa14_5: national economy will never recover from covid
    #> 122                                    qa16_1: covid restrictions very justified
    #> 123                                  qa16_2: covid restrictions fairly justified
    #> 124                                qa16_3: covid restrictions not very justified
    #> 125                              qa16_4: covid restrictions not at all justified
    #> 126                   qa16_4: covid restrictions endanger mental physical health
    #> 127                         qa18_1_1: totally agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 128                         qa18_1_2: tend to agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 129                      qa18_1_3: tend to disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 130                      qa18_1_4: totally disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 131                    qa18_2_1: totally agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 132                    qa18_2_2: tend to agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 133                 qa18_2_3: tend to disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 134                 qa18_2_4: totally disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 135                 qa18_5_1: totally agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 136                 qa18_5_2: tend to agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 137              qa18_5_3: tend to disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 138              qa18_5_4: totally disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 139                                                        qa19_1: Want vax asap
    #> 140                                                    qa19_2: want vvax in 2021
    #> 141                                                       qa19_4: want vax never
    #> 142                                                  qc1a_3_1: Very attached: EU
    #> 143                                                qc1a_3_2: Fairly attached: EU
    #> 144                                              qc1a_3_3: Not very attached: EU
    #> 145                                            qc1a_3_4: Not at all attached: EU
    #> 146                               d60_1: difficulties to pay bills: most of time
    #> 147                               d60_2: difficulties to pay bills: time to time
    #> 148                               d60_3: difficulties to pay bills: Almost never
    #> 149                                          d78_1: EU association very positive
    #> 150                                        d78_2: EU association fairly positive
    #> 151                                        d78_4: EU association fairly negative
    #> 152                                          d78_5: EU association very negative
    #> 153                                         d73_2_1: EU going in right direction
    #>                                                                  Religion Threat
    #> 1                             qa4a_6_1: most important personal issue: terrorism
    #> 2                             qa3a_6_1: most important national issue: terrorism
    #> 3                            qa1a_1_1: Situation of country in general Very good
    #> 4                          qa1a_1_2: Situation of country in general rather good
    #> 5                           qa1a_1_3: Situation of country in general rather bad
    #> 6                             qa1a_1_4: Situation of country in general Very Bad
    #> 7                   qa1a_2_1: Situation of national economy in general Very good
    #> 8                 qa1a_2_2: Situation of national economy in general rather good
    #> 9                  qa1a_2_3: Situation of national economy in general rather bad
    #> 10                   qa1a_2_4: Situation of national economy in general Very Bad
    #> 11                        qa1a_3_1: Situation of EU economy in general Very good
    #> 12                      qa1a_3_2: Situation of EU economy in general rather good
    #> 13                       qa1a_3_3: Situation of EU economy in general rather bad
    #> 14                         qa1a_3_4: Situation of EU economy in general Very Bad
    #> 15                                 qa1a_4_1: Situation of personal job Very good
    #> 16                               qa1a_4_2: Situation of personal job rather good
    #> 17                                qa1a_4_3: Situation of personal job rather bad
    #> 18                                  qa1a_4_4: Situation of personal job Very Bad
    #> 19                           qa1a_5_1: Situation of household finances Very good
    #> 20                         qa1a_5_2: Situation of household finances rather good
    #> 21                          qa1a_5_3: Situation of household finances rather bad
    #> 22                            qa1a_5_4: Situation of household finances Very Bad
    #> 23                          qa1a_6_1: Situation of national employment Very good
    #> 24                        qa1a_6_2: Situation of national employment rather good
    #> 25                         qa1a_6_3: Situation of national employment rather bad
    #> 26                           qa1a_6_4: Situation of national employment Very Bad
    #> 27                              qa1a_7_1: Situation of public services Very good
    #> 28                            qa1a_7_2: Situation of public services rather good
    #> 29                             qa1a_7_3: Situation of public services rather bad
    #> 30                               qa1a_7_4: Situation of public services Very Bad
    #> 31                            qa2a_1_1: life in general better in next 12 months
    #> 32                             qa2a_1_2: life in general worse in next 12 months
    #> 33                         qa2a_2_1: national situation better in next 12 months
    #> 34                          qa2a_2_2: national situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 35                qa2a_3_1: national economic situation better in next 12 months
    #> 36                 qa2a_3_2: national economic situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 37                         qa2a_4_1: household finances better in next 12 months
    #> 38                          qa2a_4_2: household finances worse in next 12 months
    #> 39                        qa2a_5_1: National employment better in next 12 months
    #> 40                         qa2a_5_2: National employment worse in next 12 months
    #> 41                     qa2a_6_1: personal job situation better in next 12 months
    #> 42                      qa2a_6_2: personal job situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 43                               qa2a_7_1: EU economics better in next 12 months
    #> 44                                qa2a_7_2: EU economics worse in next 12 months
    #> 45                           qa3a_1_1: most important national issue: crime. Yes
    #> 46                       qa3a_2_1: most important national issue: econ situation
    #> 47                             qa3a_4_1: most important national issue: taxation
    #> 48                         qa3a_5_1: most important national issue: unemployment
    #> 49                            qa3a_8_1: most important national issue: govt debt
    #> 50                          qa3a_9_1: most important national issue: immigration
    #> 51                              qa3a_10_1: most important national issue: health
    #> 52                           qa3a_11_1: most important national issue: education
    #> 53                            qa3a_12_1: most important national issue: pensions
    #> 54                 qa3a_13_1: most important national issue: environment/climate
    #> 55                              qa3a_15_1: most important national issue: cyprus
    #> 56                                qa4a_1_1: most important personal issue: crime
    #> 57                     qa4a_2_1: most important personal issue: national economy
    #> 58                            qa4a_3_1: most important personal issue: inflation
    #> 59                             qa4a_4_1: most important personal issue: taxation
    #> 60                         qa4a_5_1: most important personal issue: unemployment
    #> 61                              qa4a_7_1: most important personal issue: housing
    #> 62                          qa4a_9_1: most important personal issue: immigration
    #> 63                              qa4a_10_1: most important personal issue: health
    #> 64                           qa4a_11_1: most important personal issue: education
    #> 65                 qa4a_12_1: most important personal issue: environment/climate
    #> 66                            qa4a_13_1: most important personal issue: pensions
    #> 67                  qa4a_14_1: most important personal issue: working conditions
    #> 68                   qa4a_15_1: most important personal issue: living conditions
    #> 69                              qa4a_16_1: most important personal issue: cyprus
    #> 70                                                       qa6b_1_1: trust parties
    #> 71                                                qa6b_1_2: do not trust parties
    #> 72                                                        qa6b_3_1: trust police
    #> 73                                                 qa6b_3_2: do not trust police
    #> 74                                                  qa6b_8_1: trust national gvt
    #> 75                                           qa6b_8_2: do not trust national gvt
    #> 76                                                           qa6b_10_1: trust EU
    #> 77                                                    qa6b_10_2: do not trust EU
    #> 78                                                qa8_1_1: trust Euro parliament
    #> 79                                            qa8_1_2: not trust Euro parliament
    #> 80                                                qa8_2_1: trust Euro Commission
    #> 81                                            qa8_2_2: not trust Euro Commission
    #> 82                         qa10_1_1: Very Satisfied with National covid response
    #> 83                       qa10_1_2: Fairly satisfied with National covid response
    #> 84                     qa10_1_3: Not very satisfied with National covid response
    #> 85                   qa10_1_4: Not at all satisfied with National covid response
    #> 86                            qa10_2_1: Very Satisfied with local covid response
    #> 87                          qa10_2_2: Fairly satisfied with local covid response
    #> 88                        qa10_2_3: Not very satisfied with local covid response
    #> 89                      qa10_2_4: Not at all satisfied with local covid response
    #> 90                               qa10_3_1: Very Satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 91                             qa10_3_2: Fairly satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 92                           qa10_3_3: Not very satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 93                         qa10_3_4: Not at all satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 94     qa13_1_1: Totally agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 95     qa13_1_2: Tend to agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 96  qa13_1_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 97  qa13_1_4: Totally disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 98      qa13_2_1: Totally agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 99      qa13_2_2: Tend to agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 100  qa13_2_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 101  qa13_2_4: Totally disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 102                        qa14_1: national economy already recovered from covid
    #> 103                     qa14_2: national economy will recover from covid in 2021
    #> 104                     qa14_3: national economy will recover from covid in 2022
    #> 105                    qa14_4: national economy will recover from covid in 2023+
    #> 106                       qa14_5: national economy will never recover from covid
    #> 107                                    qa16_1: covid restrictions very justified
    #> 108                                  qa16_2: covid restrictions fairly justified
    #> 109                                qa16_3: covid restrictions not very justified
    #> 110                              qa16_4: covid restrictions not at all justified
    #> 111                   qa16_4: covid restrictions endanger mental physical health
    #> 112                         qa18_1_1: totally agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 113                         qa18_1_2: tend to agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 114                      qa18_1_3: tend to disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 115                      qa18_1_4: totally disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 116                    qa18_2_1: totally agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 117                    qa18_2_2: tend to agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 118                 qa18_2_3: tend to disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 119                 qa18_2_4: totally disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 120                 qa18_5_1: totally agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 121                 qa18_5_2: tend to agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 122              qa18_5_3: tend to disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 123              qa18_5_4: totally disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 124                                                        qa19_1: Want vax asap
    #> 125                                                    qa19_2: want vvax in 2021
    #> 126                                                       qa19_4: want vax never
    #> 127                            sd18a_1: very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 128                          sd18a_2: fairly satisifed with democracy in country
    #> 129                        sd18a_3: not very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 130                      sd18a_4: not at all satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 131                                                  qc1a_3_1: Very attached: EU
    #> 132                                                qc1a_3_2: Fairly attached: EU
    #> 133                                              qc1a_3_3: Not very attached: EU
    #> 134                                            qc1a_3_4: Not at all attached: EU
    #> 135                                  qd8_1_1: Totally agree: often see fake news
    #> 136                                  qd8_1_2: Tend to agree: often see fake news
    #> 137                      qd8_3_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 138                      qd8_3_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 139                   qd8_3_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 140                   qd8_3_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 141      qd8_4_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 142      qd8_4_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 143   qd8_4_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 144   qd8_4_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 145                               d60_1: difficulties to pay bills: most of time
    #> 146                               d60_2: difficulties to pay bills: time to time
    #> 147                               d60_3: difficulties to pay bills: Almost never
    #> 148                                              d70_1: Very satisfied with life
    #> 149                                          d78_1: EU association very positive
    #> 150                                        d78_2: EU association fairly positive
    #> 151                                        d78_4: EU association fairly negative
    #> 152                                          d78_5: EU association very negative
    #> 153                                         d73_2_1: EU going in right direction
    #>                                                                  Economic Threat
    #> 1                                 d60_3: difficulties to pay bills: Almost never
    #> 2                         qa2a_5_1: National employment better in next 12 months
    #> 3                 qa2a_3_1: national economic situation better in next 12 months
    #> 4                                 d60_1: difficulties to pay bills: most of time
    #> 5                    qa1a_2_4: Situation of national economy in general Very Bad
    #> 6                         qa14_5: national economy will never recover from covid
    #> 7                 qa1a_2_2: Situation of national economy in general rather good
    #> 8   qa13_1_4: Totally disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 9                             qa1a_5_4: Situation of household finances Very Bad
    #> 10                      qa1a_3_2: Situation of EU economy in general rather good
    #> 11                           qa1a_6_4: Situation of national employment Very Bad
    #> 12                               qa2a_7_1: EU economics better in next 12 months
    #> 13                         qa2a_5_2: National employment worse in next 12 months
    #> 14     qa13_1_1: Totally agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 15                                 qa1a_4_1: Situation of personal job Very good
    #> 16                          qa1a_5_3: Situation of household finances rather bad
    #> 17                        qa1a_6_2: Situation of national employment rather good
    #> 18      qa13_2_1: Totally agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 19                         qa1a_3_4: Situation of EU economy in general Very Bad
    #> 20                      qa2a_6_2: personal job situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 21                                qa1a_4_3: Situation of personal job rather bad
    #> 22                         qa4a_5_1: most important personal issue: unemployment
    #> 23   qa13_2_4: Totally disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 24                         qa14_1: national economy already recovered from covid
    #> 25                          qa2a_4_2: household finances worse in next 12 months
    #> 26                                  qa1a_4_4: Situation of personal job Very Bad
    #> 27                 qa2a_3_2: national economic situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 28                                d60_2: difficulties to pay bills: time to time
    #> 29                          qa1a_6_1: Situation of national employment Very good
    #> 30                           qa1a_5_1: Situation of household finances Very good
    #> 31                       qa1a_3_3: Situation of EU economy in general rather bad
    #> 32                         qa2a_4_1: household finances better in next 12 months
    #> 33                  qa1a_2_1: Situation of national economy in general Very good
    #> 34                      qa14_2: national economy will recover from covid in 2021
    #> 35                                qa2a_7_2: EU economics worse in next 12 months
    #> 36                               qa1a_4_2: Situation of personal job rather good
    #> 37   qa13_2_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 38     qa13_1_2: Tend to agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 39                 qa3a_13_1: most important national issue: environment/climate
    #> 40                             qa4a_4_1: most important personal issue: taxation
    #> 41                         qa1a_5_2: Situation of household finances rather good
    #> 42                     qa2a_6_1: personal job situation better in next 12 months
    #> 43                        qa1a_3_1: Situation of EU economy in general Very good
    #> 44                         qa3a_5_1: most important national issue: unemployment
    #> 45                                qa4a_1_1: most important personal issue: crime
    #> 46                  qa4a_14_1: most important personal issue: working conditions
    #> 47                     qa4a_2_1: most important personal issue: national economy
    #> 48                            qa4a_3_1: most important personal issue: inflation
    #> 49                              qa4a_7_1: most important personal issue: housing
    #> 50                             qa3a_4_1: most important national issue: taxation
    #> 51                       qa3a_2_1: most important national issue: econ situation
    #> 52                 qa4a_12_1: most important personal issue: environment/climate
    #> 53                           qa3a_1_1: most important national issue: crime. Yes
    #> 54  qa13_1_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 55                         qa1a_6_3: Situation of national employment rather bad
    #> 56                      qa14_3: national economy will recover from covid in 2022
    #> 57                 qa1a_2_3: Situation of national economy in general rather bad
    #> 58                   qa4a_15_1: most important personal issue: living conditions
    #> 59                            qa3a_8_1: most important national issue: govt debt
    #> 60                            qa3a_12_1: most important national issue: pensions
    #> 61                     qa14_4: national economy will recover from covid in 2023+
    #> 62                            qa4a_13_1: most important personal issue: pensions
    #> 63      qa13_2_2: Tend to agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 64                           qa1a_1_1: Situation of country in general Very good
    #> 65                         qa1a_1_2: Situation of country in general rather good
    #> 66                          qa1a_1_3: Situation of country in general rather bad
    #> 67                            qa1a_1_4: Situation of country in general Very Bad
    #> 68                              qa1a_7_1: Situation of public services Very good
    #> 69                            qa1a_7_2: Situation of public services rather good
    #> 70                             qa1a_7_3: Situation of public services rather bad
    #> 71                               qa1a_7_4: Situation of public services Very Bad
    #> 72                            qa2a_1_1: life in general better in next 12 months
    #> 73                             qa2a_1_2: life in general worse in next 12 months
    #> 74                         qa2a_2_1: national situation better in next 12 months
    #> 75                          qa2a_2_2: national situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 76                            qa3a_6_1: most important national issue: terrorism
    #> 77                          qa3a_9_1: most important national issue: immigration
    #> 78                              qa3a_10_1: most important national issue: health
    #> 79                           qa3a_11_1: most important national issue: education
    #> 80                              qa3a_15_1: most important national issue: cyprus
    #> 81                            qa4a_6_1: most important personal issue: terrorism
    #> 82                          qa4a_9_1: most important personal issue: immigration
    #> 83                              qa4a_10_1: most important personal issue: health
    #> 84                           qa4a_11_1: most important personal issue: education
    #> 85                              qa4a_16_1: most important personal issue: cyprus
    #> 86                                                       qa6b_1_1: trust parties
    #> 87                                                qa6b_1_2: do not trust parties
    #> 88                                                        qa6b_3_1: trust police
    #> 89                                                 qa6b_3_2: do not trust police
    #> 90                                                  qa6b_8_1: trust national gvt
    #> 91                                           qa6b_8_2: do not trust national gvt
    #> 92                                                           qa6b_10_1: trust EU
    #> 93                                                    qa6b_10_2: do not trust EU
    #> 94                                                qa8_1_1: trust Euro parliament
    #> 95                                            qa8_1_2: not trust Euro parliament
    #> 96                                                qa8_2_1: trust Euro Commission
    #> 97                                            qa8_2_2: not trust Euro Commission
    #> 98                         qa10_1_1: Very Satisfied with National covid response
    #> 99                       qa10_1_2: Fairly satisfied with National covid response
    #> 100                    qa10_1_3: Not very satisfied with National covid response
    #> 101                  qa10_1_4: Not at all satisfied with National covid response
    #> 102                           qa10_2_1: Very Satisfied with local covid response
    #> 103                         qa10_2_2: Fairly satisfied with local covid response
    #> 104                       qa10_2_3: Not very satisfied with local covid response
    #> 105                     qa10_2_4: Not at all satisfied with local covid response
    #> 106                              qa10_3_1: Very Satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 107                            qa10_3_2: Fairly satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 108                          qa10_3_3: Not very satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 109                        qa10_3_4: Not at all satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 110                                    qa16_1: covid restrictions very justified
    #> 111                                  qa16_2: covid restrictions fairly justified
    #> 112                                qa16_3: covid restrictions not very justified
    #> 113                              qa16_4: covid restrictions not at all justified
    #> 114                   qa16_4: covid restrictions endanger mental physical health
    #> 115                         qa18_1_1: totally agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 116                         qa18_1_2: tend to agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 117                      qa18_1_3: tend to disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 118                      qa18_1_4: totally disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 119                    qa18_2_1: totally agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 120                    qa18_2_2: tend to agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 121                 qa18_2_3: tend to disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 122                 qa18_2_4: totally disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 123                 qa18_5_1: totally agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 124                 qa18_5_2: tend to agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 125              qa18_5_3: tend to disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 126              qa18_5_4: totally disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 127                                                        qa19_1: Want vax asap
    #> 128                                                    qa19_2: want vvax in 2021
    #> 129                                                       qa19_4: want vax never
    #> 130                            sd18a_1: very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 131                          sd18a_2: fairly satisifed with democracy in country
    #> 132                        sd18a_3: not very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 133                      sd18a_4: not at all satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 134                                                  qc1a_3_1: Very attached: EU
    #> 135                                                qc1a_3_2: Fairly attached: EU
    #> 136                                              qc1a_3_3: Not very attached: EU
    #> 137                                            qc1a_3_4: Not at all attached: EU
    #> 138                                  qd8_1_1: Totally agree: often see fake news
    #> 139                                  qd8_1_2: Tend to agree: often see fake news
    #> 140                      qd8_3_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 141                      qd8_3_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 142                   qd8_3_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 143                   qd8_3_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 144      qd8_4_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 145      qd8_4_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 146   qd8_4_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 147   qd8_4_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 148                                              d70_1: Very satisfied with life
    #> 149                                          d78_1: EU association very positive
    #> 150                                        d78_2: EU association fairly positive
    #> 151                                        d78_4: EU association fairly negative
    #> 152                                          d78_5: EU association very negative
    #> 153                                         d73_2_1: EU going in right direction
    #>                                                                    Health Threat
    #> 1                      qa18_2_1: totally agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 2                    qa10_1_4: Not at all satisfied with National covid response
    #> 3                   qa18_2_3: tend to disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 4                           qa18_1_1: totally agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 5                           qa10_2_2: Fairly satisfied with local covid response
    #> 6                qa18_5_4: totally disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 7                        qa10_1_2: Fairly satisfied with National covid response
    #> 8                         qa10_2_3: Not very satisfied with local covid response
    #> 9                        qa18_1_4: totally disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 10                         qa10_3_4: Not at all satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 11                    qa16_4: covid restrictions endanger mental physical health
    #> 12                      qa10_2_4: Not at all satisfied with local covid response
    #> 13                         qa10_1_1: Very Satisfied with National covid response
    #> 14                            qa10_2_1: Very Satisfied with local covid response
    #> 15                       qa18_1_3: tend to disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 16                  qa18_5_1: totally agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 17                              qa3a_10_1: most important national issue: health
    #> 18                             qa10_3_2: Fairly satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 19                              qa4a_10_1: most important personal issue: health
    #> 20                  qa18_2_4: totally disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 21               qa18_5_3: tend to disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 22                  qa18_5_2: tend to agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 23                     qa10_1_3: Not very satisfied with National covid response
    #> 24                                                     qa19_2: want vvax in 2021
    #> 25                               qa10_3_1: Very Satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 26                           qa10_3_3: Not very satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 27                                                         qa19_1: Want vax asap
    #> 28                          qa18_1_2: tend to agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 29                     qa18_2_2: tend to agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 30                                   qa16_2: covid restrictions fairly justified
    #> 31                                                        qa19_4: want vax never
    #> 32                                 qa16_3: covid restrictions not very justified
    #> 33                               qa16_4: covid restrictions not at all justified
    #> 34                                     qa16_1: covid restrictions very justified
    #> 35                           qa1a_1_1: Situation of country in general Very good
    #> 36                         qa1a_1_2: Situation of country in general rather good
    #> 37                          qa1a_1_3: Situation of country in general rather bad
    #> 38                            qa1a_1_4: Situation of country in general Very Bad
    #> 39                  qa1a_2_1: Situation of national economy in general Very good
    #> 40                qa1a_2_2: Situation of national economy in general rather good
    #> 41                 qa1a_2_3: Situation of national economy in general rather bad
    #> 42                   qa1a_2_4: Situation of national economy in general Very Bad
    #> 43                        qa1a_3_1: Situation of EU economy in general Very good
    #> 44                      qa1a_3_2: Situation of EU economy in general rather good
    #> 45                       qa1a_3_3: Situation of EU economy in general rather bad
    #> 46                         qa1a_3_4: Situation of EU economy in general Very Bad
    #> 47                                 qa1a_4_1: Situation of personal job Very good
    #> 48                               qa1a_4_2: Situation of personal job rather good
    #> 49                                qa1a_4_3: Situation of personal job rather bad
    #> 50                                  qa1a_4_4: Situation of personal job Very Bad
    #> 51                           qa1a_5_1: Situation of household finances Very good
    #> 52                         qa1a_5_2: Situation of household finances rather good
    #> 53                          qa1a_5_3: Situation of household finances rather bad
    #> 54                            qa1a_5_4: Situation of household finances Very Bad
    #> 55                          qa1a_6_1: Situation of national employment Very good
    #> 56                        qa1a_6_2: Situation of national employment rather good
    #> 57                         qa1a_6_3: Situation of national employment rather bad
    #> 58                           qa1a_6_4: Situation of national employment Very Bad
    #> 59                              qa1a_7_1: Situation of public services Very good
    #> 60                            qa1a_7_2: Situation of public services rather good
    #> 61                             qa1a_7_3: Situation of public services rather bad
    #> 62                               qa1a_7_4: Situation of public services Very Bad
    #> 63                            qa2a_1_1: life in general better in next 12 months
    #> 64                             qa2a_1_2: life in general worse in next 12 months
    #> 65                         qa2a_2_1: national situation better in next 12 months
    #> 66                          qa2a_2_2: national situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 67                qa2a_3_1: national economic situation better in next 12 months
    #> 68                 qa2a_3_2: national economic situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 69                         qa2a_4_1: household finances better in next 12 months
    #> 70                          qa2a_4_2: household finances worse in next 12 months
    #> 71                        qa2a_5_1: National employment better in next 12 months
    #> 72                         qa2a_5_2: National employment worse in next 12 months
    #> 73                     qa2a_6_1: personal job situation better in next 12 months
    #> 74                      qa2a_6_2: personal job situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 75                               qa2a_7_1: EU economics better in next 12 months
    #> 76                                qa2a_7_2: EU economics worse in next 12 months
    #> 77                           qa3a_1_1: most important national issue: crime. Yes
    #> 78                       qa3a_2_1: most important national issue: econ situation
    #> 79                             qa3a_4_1: most important national issue: taxation
    #> 80                         qa3a_5_1: most important national issue: unemployment
    #> 81                            qa3a_6_1: most important national issue: terrorism
    #> 82                            qa3a_8_1: most important national issue: govt debt
    #> 83                          qa3a_9_1: most important national issue: immigration
    #> 84                           qa3a_11_1: most important national issue: education
    #> 85                            qa3a_12_1: most important national issue: pensions
    #> 86                 qa3a_13_1: most important national issue: environment/climate
    #> 87                              qa3a_15_1: most important national issue: cyprus
    #> 88                                qa4a_1_1: most important personal issue: crime
    #> 89                     qa4a_2_1: most important personal issue: national economy
    #> 90                            qa4a_3_1: most important personal issue: inflation
    #> 91                             qa4a_4_1: most important personal issue: taxation
    #> 92                         qa4a_5_1: most important personal issue: unemployment
    #> 93                            qa4a_6_1: most important personal issue: terrorism
    #> 94                              qa4a_7_1: most important personal issue: housing
    #> 95                          qa4a_9_1: most important personal issue: immigration
    #> 96                           qa4a_11_1: most important personal issue: education
    #> 97                 qa4a_12_1: most important personal issue: environment/climate
    #> 98                            qa4a_13_1: most important personal issue: pensions
    #> 99                  qa4a_14_1: most important personal issue: working conditions
    #> 100                  qa4a_15_1: most important personal issue: living conditions
    #> 101                             qa4a_16_1: most important personal issue: cyprus
    #> 102                                                      qa6b_1_1: trust parties
    #> 103                                               qa6b_1_2: do not trust parties
    #> 104                                                       qa6b_3_1: trust police
    #> 105                                                qa6b_3_2: do not trust police
    #> 106                                                 qa6b_8_1: trust national gvt
    #> 107                                          qa6b_8_2: do not trust national gvt
    #> 108                                                          qa6b_10_1: trust EU
    #> 109                                                   qa6b_10_2: do not trust EU
    #> 110                                               qa8_1_1: trust Euro parliament
    #> 111                                           qa8_1_2: not trust Euro parliament
    #> 112                                               qa8_2_1: trust Euro Commission
    #> 113                                           qa8_2_2: not trust Euro Commission
    #> 114    qa13_1_1: Totally agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 115    qa13_1_2: Tend to agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 116 qa13_1_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 117 qa13_1_4: Totally disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 118     qa13_2_1: Totally agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 119     qa13_2_2: Tend to agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 120  qa13_2_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 121  qa13_2_4: Totally disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 122                        qa14_1: national economy already recovered from covid
    #> 123                     qa14_2: national economy will recover from covid in 2021
    #> 124                     qa14_3: national economy will recover from covid in 2022
    #> 125                    qa14_4: national economy will recover from covid in 2023+
    #> 126                       qa14_5: national economy will never recover from covid
    #> 127                            sd18a_1: very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 128                          sd18a_2: fairly satisifed with democracy in country
    #> 129                        sd18a_3: not very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 130                      sd18a_4: not at all satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 131                                                  qc1a_3_1: Very attached: EU
    #> 132                                                qc1a_3_2: Fairly attached: EU
    #> 133                                              qc1a_3_3: Not very attached: EU
    #> 134                                            qc1a_3_4: Not at all attached: EU
    #> 135                                  qd8_1_1: Totally agree: often see fake news
    #> 136                                  qd8_1_2: Tend to agree: often see fake news
    #> 137                      qd8_3_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 138                      qd8_3_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 139                   qd8_3_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 140                   qd8_3_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 141      qd8_4_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 142      qd8_4_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 143   qd8_4_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 144   qd8_4_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 145                               d60_1: difficulties to pay bills: most of time
    #> 146                               d60_2: difficulties to pay bills: time to time
    #> 147                               d60_3: difficulties to pay bills: Almost never
    #> 148                                              d70_1: Very satisfied with life
    #> 149                                          d78_1: EU association very positive
    #> 150                                        d78_2: EU association fairly positive
    #> 151                                        d78_4: EU association fairly negative
    #> 152                                          d78_5: EU association very negative
    #> 153                                         d73_2_1: EU going in right direction
    #>                                                              Support Immigration
    #> 1                           qa3a_9_1: most important national issue: immigration
    #> 2                           qa4a_9_1: most important personal issue: immigration
    #> 3                            qa1a_1_1: Situation of country in general Very good
    #> 4                          qa1a_1_2: Situation of country in general rather good
    #> 5                           qa1a_1_3: Situation of country in general rather bad
    #> 6                             qa1a_1_4: Situation of country in general Very Bad
    #> 7                   qa1a_2_1: Situation of national economy in general Very good
    #> 8                 qa1a_2_2: Situation of national economy in general rather good
    #> 9                  qa1a_2_3: Situation of national economy in general rather bad
    #> 10                   qa1a_2_4: Situation of national economy in general Very Bad
    #> 11                        qa1a_3_1: Situation of EU economy in general Very good
    #> 12                      qa1a_3_2: Situation of EU economy in general rather good
    #> 13                       qa1a_3_3: Situation of EU economy in general rather bad
    #> 14                         qa1a_3_4: Situation of EU economy in general Very Bad
    #> 15                                 qa1a_4_1: Situation of personal job Very good
    #> 16                               qa1a_4_2: Situation of personal job rather good
    #> 17                                qa1a_4_3: Situation of personal job rather bad
    #> 18                                  qa1a_4_4: Situation of personal job Very Bad
    #> 19                           qa1a_5_1: Situation of household finances Very good
    #> 20                         qa1a_5_2: Situation of household finances rather good
    #> 21                          qa1a_5_3: Situation of household finances rather bad
    #> 22                            qa1a_5_4: Situation of household finances Very Bad
    #> 23                          qa1a_6_1: Situation of national employment Very good
    #> 24                        qa1a_6_2: Situation of national employment rather good
    #> 25                         qa1a_6_3: Situation of national employment rather bad
    #> 26                           qa1a_6_4: Situation of national employment Very Bad
    #> 27                              qa1a_7_1: Situation of public services Very good
    #> 28                            qa1a_7_2: Situation of public services rather good
    #> 29                             qa1a_7_3: Situation of public services rather bad
    #> 30                               qa1a_7_4: Situation of public services Very Bad
    #> 31                            qa2a_1_1: life in general better in next 12 months
    #> 32                             qa2a_1_2: life in general worse in next 12 months
    #> 33                         qa2a_2_1: national situation better in next 12 months
    #> 34                          qa2a_2_2: national situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 35                qa2a_3_1: national economic situation better in next 12 months
    #> 36                 qa2a_3_2: national economic situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 37                         qa2a_4_1: household finances better in next 12 months
    #> 38                          qa2a_4_2: household finances worse in next 12 months
    #> 39                        qa2a_5_1: National employment better in next 12 months
    #> 40                         qa2a_5_2: National employment worse in next 12 months
    #> 41                     qa2a_6_1: personal job situation better in next 12 months
    #> 42                      qa2a_6_2: personal job situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 43                               qa2a_7_1: EU economics better in next 12 months
    #> 44                                qa2a_7_2: EU economics worse in next 12 months
    #> 45                           qa3a_1_1: most important national issue: crime. Yes
    #> 46                       qa3a_2_1: most important national issue: econ situation
    #> 47                             qa3a_4_1: most important national issue: taxation
    #> 48                         qa3a_5_1: most important national issue: unemployment
    #> 49                            qa3a_6_1: most important national issue: terrorism
    #> 50                            qa3a_8_1: most important national issue: govt debt
    #> 51                              qa3a_10_1: most important national issue: health
    #> 52                           qa3a_11_1: most important national issue: education
    #> 53                            qa3a_12_1: most important national issue: pensions
    #> 54                 qa3a_13_1: most important national issue: environment/climate
    #> 55                              qa3a_15_1: most important national issue: cyprus
    #> 56                                qa4a_1_1: most important personal issue: crime
    #> 57                     qa4a_2_1: most important personal issue: national economy
    #> 58                            qa4a_3_1: most important personal issue: inflation
    #> 59                             qa4a_4_1: most important personal issue: taxation
    #> 60                         qa4a_5_1: most important personal issue: unemployment
    #> 61                            qa4a_6_1: most important personal issue: terrorism
    #> 62                              qa4a_7_1: most important personal issue: housing
    #> 63                              qa4a_10_1: most important personal issue: health
    #> 64                           qa4a_11_1: most important personal issue: education
    #> 65                 qa4a_12_1: most important personal issue: environment/climate
    #> 66                            qa4a_13_1: most important personal issue: pensions
    #> 67                  qa4a_14_1: most important personal issue: working conditions
    #> 68                   qa4a_15_1: most important personal issue: living conditions
    #> 69                              qa4a_16_1: most important personal issue: cyprus
    #> 70                                                       qa6b_1_1: trust parties
    #> 71                                                qa6b_1_2: do not trust parties
    #> 72                                                        qa6b_3_1: trust police
    #> 73                                                 qa6b_3_2: do not trust police
    #> 74                                                  qa6b_8_1: trust national gvt
    #> 75                                           qa6b_8_2: do not trust national gvt
    #> 76                                                           qa6b_10_1: trust EU
    #> 77                                                    qa6b_10_2: do not trust EU
    #> 78                                                qa8_1_1: trust Euro parliament
    #> 79                                            qa8_1_2: not trust Euro parliament
    #> 80                                                qa8_2_1: trust Euro Commission
    #> 81                                            qa8_2_2: not trust Euro Commission
    #> 82                         qa10_1_1: Very Satisfied with National covid response
    #> 83                       qa10_1_2: Fairly satisfied with National covid response
    #> 84                     qa10_1_3: Not very satisfied with National covid response
    #> 85                   qa10_1_4: Not at all satisfied with National covid response
    #> 86                            qa10_2_1: Very Satisfied with local covid response
    #> 87                          qa10_2_2: Fairly satisfied with local covid response
    #> 88                        qa10_2_3: Not very satisfied with local covid response
    #> 89                      qa10_2_4: Not at all satisfied with local covid response
    #> 90                               qa10_3_1: Very Satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 91                             qa10_3_2: Fairly satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 92                           qa10_3_3: Not very satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 93                         qa10_3_4: Not at all satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 94     qa13_1_1: Totally agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 95     qa13_1_2: Tend to agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 96  qa13_1_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 97  qa13_1_4: Totally disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 98      qa13_2_1: Totally agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 99      qa13_2_2: Tend to agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 100  qa13_2_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 101  qa13_2_4: Totally disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 102                        qa14_1: national economy already recovered from covid
    #> 103                     qa14_2: national economy will recover from covid in 2021
    #> 104                     qa14_3: national economy will recover from covid in 2022
    #> 105                    qa14_4: national economy will recover from covid in 2023+
    #> 106                       qa14_5: national economy will never recover from covid
    #> 107                                    qa16_1: covid restrictions very justified
    #> 108                                  qa16_2: covid restrictions fairly justified
    #> 109                                qa16_3: covid restrictions not very justified
    #> 110                              qa16_4: covid restrictions not at all justified
    #> 111                   qa16_4: covid restrictions endanger mental physical health
    #> 112                         qa18_1_1: totally agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 113                         qa18_1_2: tend to agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 114                      qa18_1_3: tend to disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 115                      qa18_1_4: totally disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 116                    qa18_2_1: totally agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 117                    qa18_2_2: tend to agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 118                 qa18_2_3: tend to disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 119                 qa18_2_4: totally disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 120                 qa18_5_1: totally agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 121                 qa18_5_2: tend to agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 122              qa18_5_3: tend to disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 123              qa18_5_4: totally disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 124                                                        qa19_1: Want vax asap
    #> 125                                                    qa19_2: want vvax in 2021
    #> 126                                                       qa19_4: want vax never
    #> 127                            sd18a_1: very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 128                          sd18a_2: fairly satisifed with democracy in country
    #> 129                        sd18a_3: not very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 130                      sd18a_4: not at all satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 131                                                  qc1a_3_1: Very attached: EU
    #> 132                                                qc1a_3_2: Fairly attached: EU
    #> 133                                              qc1a_3_3: Not very attached: EU
    #> 134                                            qc1a_3_4: Not at all attached: EU
    #> 135                                  qd8_1_1: Totally agree: often see fake news
    #> 136                                  qd8_1_2: Tend to agree: often see fake news
    #> 137                      qd8_3_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 138                      qd8_3_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 139                   qd8_3_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 140                   qd8_3_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 141      qd8_4_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 142      qd8_4_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 143   qd8_4_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 144   qd8_4_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 145                               d60_1: difficulties to pay bills: most of time
    #> 146                               d60_2: difficulties to pay bills: time to time
    #> 147                               d60_3: difficulties to pay bills: Almost never
    #> 148                                              d70_1: Very satisfied with life
    #> 149                                          d78_1: EU association very positive
    #> 150                                        d78_2: EU association fairly positive
    #> 151                                        d78_4: EU association fairly negative
    #> 152                                          d78_5: EU association very negative
    #> 153                                         d73_2_1: EU going in right direction
    #>                                                                       Support EU
    #> 1                                                            qa6b_10_1: trust EU
    #> 2                                                     qa6b_10_2: do not trust EU
    #> 3                                                 qa8_2_1: trust Euro Commission
    #> 4                                                 qa8_1_1: trust Euro parliament
    #> 5                                              qc1a_3_4: Not at all attached: EU
    #> 6                                             qa8_2_2: not trust Euro Commission
    #> 7                                          d78_2: EU association fairly positive
    #> 8                                             qa8_1_2: not trust Euro parliament
    #> 9                                            d78_5: EU association very negative
    #> 10                         qa10_3_4: Not at all satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 11                                                   qc1a_3_1: Very attached: EU
    #> 12                                                 qc1a_3_2: Fairly attached: EU
    #> 13                             qa10_3_2: Fairly satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 14                                         d78_4: EU association fairly negative
    #> 15                                           d78_1: EU association very positive
    #> 16                                          d73_2_1: EU going in right direction
    #> 17                           qa10_3_3: Not very satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 18                               qa10_3_1: Very Satisfied with EU covid response
    #> 19                                               qc1a_3_3: Not very attached: EU
    #> 20                           qa1a_1_1: Situation of country in general Very good
    #> 21                         qa1a_1_2: Situation of country in general rather good
    #> 22                          qa1a_1_3: Situation of country in general rather bad
    #> 23                            qa1a_1_4: Situation of country in general Very Bad
    #> 24                  qa1a_2_1: Situation of national economy in general Very good
    #> 25                qa1a_2_2: Situation of national economy in general rather good
    #> 26                 qa1a_2_3: Situation of national economy in general rather bad
    #> 27                   qa1a_2_4: Situation of national economy in general Very Bad
    #> 28                        qa1a_3_1: Situation of EU economy in general Very good
    #> 29                      qa1a_3_2: Situation of EU economy in general rather good
    #> 30                       qa1a_3_3: Situation of EU economy in general rather bad
    #> 31                         qa1a_3_4: Situation of EU economy in general Very Bad
    #> 32                                 qa1a_4_1: Situation of personal job Very good
    #> 33                               qa1a_4_2: Situation of personal job rather good
    #> 34                                qa1a_4_3: Situation of personal job rather bad
    #> 35                                  qa1a_4_4: Situation of personal job Very Bad
    #> 36                           qa1a_5_1: Situation of household finances Very good
    #> 37                         qa1a_5_2: Situation of household finances rather good
    #> 38                          qa1a_5_3: Situation of household finances rather bad
    #> 39                            qa1a_5_4: Situation of household finances Very Bad
    #> 40                          qa1a_6_1: Situation of national employment Very good
    #> 41                        qa1a_6_2: Situation of national employment rather good
    #> 42                         qa1a_6_3: Situation of national employment rather bad
    #> 43                           qa1a_6_4: Situation of national employment Very Bad
    #> 44                              qa1a_7_1: Situation of public services Very good
    #> 45                            qa1a_7_2: Situation of public services rather good
    #> 46                             qa1a_7_3: Situation of public services rather bad
    #> 47                               qa1a_7_4: Situation of public services Very Bad
    #> 48                            qa2a_1_1: life in general better in next 12 months
    #> 49                             qa2a_1_2: life in general worse in next 12 months
    #> 50                         qa2a_2_1: national situation better in next 12 months
    #> 51                          qa2a_2_2: national situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 52                qa2a_3_1: national economic situation better in next 12 months
    #> 53                 qa2a_3_2: national economic situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 54                         qa2a_4_1: household finances better in next 12 months
    #> 55                          qa2a_4_2: household finances worse in next 12 months
    #> 56                        qa2a_5_1: National employment better in next 12 months
    #> 57                         qa2a_5_2: National employment worse in next 12 months
    #> 58                     qa2a_6_1: personal job situation better in next 12 months
    #> 59                      qa2a_6_2: personal job situation worse in next 12 months
    #> 60                               qa2a_7_1: EU economics better in next 12 months
    #> 61                                qa2a_7_2: EU economics worse in next 12 months
    #> 62                           qa3a_1_1: most important national issue: crime. Yes
    #> 63                       qa3a_2_1: most important national issue: econ situation
    #> 64                             qa3a_4_1: most important national issue: taxation
    #> 65                         qa3a_5_1: most important national issue: unemployment
    #> 66                            qa3a_6_1: most important national issue: terrorism
    #> 67                            qa3a_8_1: most important national issue: govt debt
    #> 68                          qa3a_9_1: most important national issue: immigration
    #> 69                              qa3a_10_1: most important national issue: health
    #> 70                           qa3a_11_1: most important national issue: education
    #> 71                            qa3a_12_1: most important national issue: pensions
    #> 72                 qa3a_13_1: most important national issue: environment/climate
    #> 73                              qa3a_15_1: most important national issue: cyprus
    #> 74                                qa4a_1_1: most important personal issue: crime
    #> 75                     qa4a_2_1: most important personal issue: national economy
    #> 76                            qa4a_3_1: most important personal issue: inflation
    #> 77                             qa4a_4_1: most important personal issue: taxation
    #> 78                         qa4a_5_1: most important personal issue: unemployment
    #> 79                            qa4a_6_1: most important personal issue: terrorism
    #> 80                              qa4a_7_1: most important personal issue: housing
    #> 81                          qa4a_9_1: most important personal issue: immigration
    #> 82                              qa4a_10_1: most important personal issue: health
    #> 83                           qa4a_11_1: most important personal issue: education
    #> 84                 qa4a_12_1: most important personal issue: environment/climate
    #> 85                            qa4a_13_1: most important personal issue: pensions
    #> 86                  qa4a_14_1: most important personal issue: working conditions
    #> 87                   qa4a_15_1: most important personal issue: living conditions
    #> 88                              qa4a_16_1: most important personal issue: cyprus
    #> 89                                                       qa6b_1_1: trust parties
    #> 90                                                qa6b_1_2: do not trust parties
    #> 91                                                        qa6b_3_1: trust police
    #> 92                                                 qa6b_3_2: do not trust police
    #> 93                                                  qa6b_8_1: trust national gvt
    #> 94                                           qa6b_8_2: do not trust national gvt
    #> 95                         qa10_1_1: Very Satisfied with National covid response
    #> 96                       qa10_1_2: Fairly satisfied with National covid response
    #> 97                     qa10_1_3: Not very satisfied with National covid response
    #> 98                   qa10_1_4: Not at all satisfied with National covid response
    #> 99                            qa10_2_1: Very Satisfied with local covid response
    #> 100                         qa10_2_2: Fairly satisfied with local covid response
    #> 101                       qa10_2_3: Not very satisfied with local covid response
    #> 102                     qa10_2_4: Not at all satisfied with local covid response
    #> 103    qa13_1_1: Totally agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 104    qa13_1_2: Tend to agree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 105 qa13_1_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 106 qa13_1_4: Totally disagree covid had serious personal financial consequences
    #> 107     qa13_2_1: Totally agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 108     qa13_2_2: Tend to agree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 109  qa13_2_3: Tend to disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 110  qa13_2_4: Totally disagree covid had serious national economic consequences
    #> 111                        qa14_1: national economy already recovered from covid
    #> 112                     qa14_2: national economy will recover from covid in 2021
    #> 113                     qa14_3: national economy will recover from covid in 2022
    #> 114                    qa14_4: national economy will recover from covid in 2023+
    #> 115                       qa14_5: national economy will never recover from covid
    #> 116                                    qa16_1: covid restrictions very justified
    #> 117                                  qa16_2: covid restrictions fairly justified
    #> 118                                qa16_3: covid restrictions not very justified
    #> 119                              qa16_4: covid restrictions not at all justified
    #> 120                   qa16_4: covid restrictions endanger mental physical health
    #> 121                         qa18_1_1: totally agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 122                         qa18_1_2: tend to agree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 123                      qa18_1_3: tend to disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 124                      qa18_1_4: totally disagree: vaccines developed too fast
    #> 125                    qa18_2_1: totally agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 126                    qa18_2_2: tend to agree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 127                 qa18_2_3: tend to disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 128                 qa18_2_4: totally disagree: vaccines could have side effects
    #> 129                 qa18_5_1: totally agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 130                 qa18_5_2: tend to agree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 131              qa18_5_3: tend to disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 132              qa18_5_4: totally disagree: Don't understand vaccine reluctance
    #> 133                                                        qa19_1: Want vax asap
    #> 134                                                    qa19_2: want vvax in 2021
    #> 135                                                       qa19_4: want vax never
    #> 136                            sd18a_1: very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 137                          sd18a_2: fairly satisifed with democracy in country
    #> 138                        sd18a_3: not very satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 139                      sd18a_4: not at all satisfied with democracy in country
    #> 140                                  qd8_1_1: Totally agree: often see fake news
    #> 141                                  qd8_1_2: Tend to agree: often see fake news
    #> 142                      qd8_3_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 143                      qd8_3_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 144                   qd8_3_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 145                   qd8_3_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem in country
    #> 146      qd8_4_1: Totally agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 147      qd8_4_2: Tend to agree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 148   qd8_4_3: Tend to disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 149   qd8_4_4: Totally disagree:  fake news a problem for democracies in general
    #> 150                               d60_1: difficulties to pay bills: most of time
    #> 151                               d60_2: difficulties to pay bills: time to time
    #> 152                               d60_3: difficulties to pay bills: Almost never
    #> 153                                              d70_1: Very satisfied with life